narayana KNR

Floating-Point Types Floating-point numbers, also known as real numbers, are used when evaluating expressions that require fractional precision. For example, calculations such as square root, ortranscendentals such as sine and cosine, result in a value whose precision requires a floating-point type. Java implements the standard (IEEE–754) set of floating-point types and operators. There are two kinds of floating-point types, float and double, which represent single- and double-precision numbers, respectively. Their width and ranges are shown here: Name Width in Bits Approximate Range double 64 4.9e–324 to 1.8e+308 float 32 1.4e–045 to 3.4e+038 Each of these floating-point types is examined next. float The type float specifies a single-precision value that uses 32 bits of storage. Single precision is faster on some processors and takes half as much space as double precision, but will become imprecise when the values are either very large or very small. Variables of ty...

                        Data Types Java Is a Strongly Typed Language It is important to state at the outset that Java is a strongly typed language. Indeed, part of Java’s safety and robustness comes from this fact. Let’s see what this means. First, every variable has a type, every expression has a type, and every type is strictly defined. Second, all assignments, whether explicit or via parameter passing in method calls, are checked for type compatibility. There are no automatic coercions or conversions of conflicting types as in some languages. The Java compiler checks all expressions and parameters to ensure that the types are compatible. Any type mismatches are errors that must be corrected before the compiler will finish compiling the class. The Primitive Types Java defines eight primitive types of data: byte, short, int, long, char, float, double, and boolean. The primitive types are also commonly referred...

An Overview of Java As in all other computer languages, the elements of Java do not exist in isolation. Rather, they work together to form the language as a whole. However, this interrelatedness can make it difficult to describe one aspect of Java without involving several others. Often a discussion of one feature implies prior knowledge of another.  The material described here will give you a foothold that will allow you to write and understand simple programs. Most of the topics discussed will be examined in greater detail in the remaining Object-Oriented Programming Object-oriented programming (OOP) is at the core of Java. In fact, all Java programs are to at least some extent object-oriented. OOP is so integral to Java that it is best to understand its basic principles before you begin writing even simple Java programs. Therefore, this chapter begins with a discussion of the theoretical aspects of OOP. Two Paradigms All computer programs consis...

The Creation of Java Java was conceived by James Gosling, Patrick Naughton, Chris Warth, Ed Frank, and Mike Sheridan at Sun Microsystems, Inc. in 1991. It took 18 months to develop the first working version. This language was initially called “Oak,” but was renamed “Java” in 1995. Between the initial implementation of Oak in the fall of 1992 and the public announcement of Java in the spring of 1995, many more people contributed to the design and evolution of the language. Bill Joy, Arthur van Hoff, Jonathan Payne, Frank Yellin, and Tim Lindholm were key contributors to the maturing of the original prototype. Somewhat surprisingly, the original impetus for Java was not the Internet! Instead, the primary motivation was the need for a platform-independent (that is, architecture-neutral) language that could be used to create software to be embedded in various consumer electronic devices, such as microwave ovens and remote controls. As you can probably guess, many different ty...

JAVA simple programming code : class Simple{     public static void main (String args[]){      System.out.println(" Hello KNR ");     } } Out put: Hello KNR

What is Java technology and why do I need it? Java is a programming language and computing platform first released by Sun Microsystems in 1995. There are lots of applications and websites that will not work unless you have Java installed, and more are created every day. Java is fast, secure, and reliable. From laptops to datacenters, game consoles to scientific supercomputers, cell phones to the Internet, Java is everywhere! Is Java free to download? Yes, Java is free to download. Get the latest version at java.com. Why should I upgrade to the latest Java version? The latest Java version contains important enhancements to improve performance, stability and security of the Java applications that run on your machine. Installing this free update will ensure that your Java applications continue to run safely and efficiently. MORE TECHNICAL INFORMATION What will I get when I download Java software? The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) is what you get when you download Java sof...

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KNR logos

KNR logos ...I made extunning logos 

Corruption in India Corruption in India is an issue that adversely affects its economy. The country owes its stunted development largely to the rampant corruption.[1] A study conducted by the Transparency International in 2005 shows that more than 62% of Indians had first hand experience of paying bribes or influence peddling to get jobs done in public offices successfully.[2][3] In a study conducted in 2008, Transparency International reported that about 40% of Indians had first hand experience of paying bribes or using contacts to get jobs done in public offices.[4] In 2015, India was ranked 76th out of 168 countries in Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index, compared to its neighbors Bhutan (27th), Bangladesh (139th), Myanmar (156th), China (83rd), Nepal (130th), Pakistan (117th) and Sri Lanka (84th).[5] The largest contributors to the corruption are entitlement programs and social spending schemes enacted by the Indian government. Examples include Maha...